anyani
Anyani woyenera mu gulu la anyani ndipo waukulu wa onse. mitundu iwiri yokha iwo ali m'dziko lapansi lero nyani kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo nyani, aliyense mitundu ali parejade subspecies, chimene chimathandiza zina amalimbikitsa mapangidwe magulu a anthu. Anthu ambiri amachita chidwi ndi anyani chifukwa chakuti ali ndi makhalidwe ambiri ofanana ndi anthu, pokhala kuti mmodzi mwa zifukwa zambiri wakhumudwa chifukwa nyama zimenezi mu ukapolo; venel chinyezimiro cha maso pa anyani chikole. Zimenezi zingakhale chisoni kwambiri ndi fano n'kuiiwala.
gorilasEn anyani ukapolo kuchita zinthu zambiri zomwe anthu kuchita delos anakopera, kungakhale mwano kwambiri monga mphuno kutola kapena kusanza. Ena anaphunzitsidwa kukoka mbalame, amene si chikhalidwe kwambiri, Koma zonsezi pa zinyama chimapangitsa wina ndikudabwa amene akuseka pa amene.
Anyani ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri ndipo akhoza kukhala aukali pamene iwo amaona kuti kapena banja awo ali pangozi. Amuna ndi zazikulu kwambiri kuposa akazi, ndi zodabwitsa kuona nyama zikuluzikulu kukhala wachifundo ndi wofatsa kwa akazi ndipo nthawi zambiri ana awo. Iwo kulankhula ndi njira zosiyanasiyana wapakamwa ndi nonverbal. Iwo amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono wotchedwa ng'ombe ndi mwamuna wamkulu amene ali mu ulamuliro wa zimene zimachitika mu izo. mtsogoleri udindo nkhondo kuwateteza ndipo iwo adzachita ndi moyo wanu ngati n'koyenera, amuna ena lucharána mbali yake kuteteza mabanja awo.
Popeza kuti nyani ndi anzeru ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa ofufuza ngati kwambiri. Ambiri nyani dzina lake Koko anthu recuerdanal kumayambiriro 1980, amene anamuphunzitsa chinenero cha manja. Ntchito nyama kufufuza akadali zikuchitika m'madera ambiri, koma wakhala kwambiri zochepa kuyerekeza ndi zimene zinali angapo zaka zapitazo makamaka mwa khama la anthu poteteza nyama kuti nkhondo porlos mwakhama ufulu anyani. Today ambiri amakhala ukapolo kumalo osungira padziko lonse ndipo ndi malo abwino kwambiri, ofanana ndi amene ali kuthengo. Ena a maekala lalikulu zoológicosposeenmuchos m'dziko limene puedenmoverse momasuka koma si ndi kukhala kuthengo.
chiyendayekha mu Riose ndi khama ambiri kusamala nyani kuti chikupitirira kuchepa pa mayendedwe inapita kuti ankasakidwa ndi munthu, adani osiyanasiyana kuti aukire ana ndi chifukwa malo awo achilengedwe akhala pochotsa. Inu simungakhoze kuzikana izo anyani zili m'gulu la zolengedwa yochititsa chidwi kwambiri dziko. Iwo akhala wolemera, koma zimene zili mu sitolo iwo tsogolo lawo akhala osadziwika chosadziwika. Zikuoneka kuti njira zimayikidwa mu malo ndipo chiwerengero chawo achuluke kusiyana n'kuti kugwa.
Mu anyani kutchire ndi moyo mpaka zaka 50, mwatsoka, chifukwa ambiri a iwo vidapuede kukhala yochepa. Pali zinthu zambiri zimene pa moyo wa anyani Komabe, ayenera kumvetsera kwambiri zosowa zawo kupeza njira kuwathandiza akule mu chikhalidwe kamodzinso.
Pano pali ena mwa mafunso kaŵirikaŵiri anafunsa za anyani a.
Kodi mitundu ya anyani ambiri anasiya?
Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana ya anyani. Anyani ndi kumadzulo (nyani nyani) ndi kum'mawa nyani (nyani beringei). Aliyense mtundu uli subspecies awiri. Pakati Anyani Akuluakulu Nyani Anyani Akuluakulu kumeneko ndi Nigeria Anyani Akuluakulu. Pakati pa East Anyani Akuluakulu Mountain Anyani Akuluakulu ndipo m'zigwa Anyani Akuluakulu, Koko n'zimene Nyani wa chiyendayekha.
Liti pamene anaona anyani kuthengo?
The oyamba olembedwa ananena anyani zinachitikadi mu 1847 ndi Thomas molapitsa, ndi American mmishonale dokotala ntchito ku Gabon. Panopa gasi mbiri ikusonyeza kuti anyani waukulu woyamba anaonekera mu Africa kwa zaka zoposa 25 miliyoni zapitazo, anyani timadziwira anaonekera pafupifupi 12 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kumene mu dziko moyo anyani kuthengo?
Only mu Equatorial Africa m'mayiko otsatirawa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Nigeria, Rwanda ndi Uganda.
Kodi kukula ndi anyani?
amuna achikulire kukhala mu chilengedwe kulemera pakati mapaundi 300 ndi 350. Akazi ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, kawirikawiri kulemera pakati pa 150 ndi 175 makilogalamu. Amuna ali pafupi 3 mapazi 3 mainchesi wamtali kukhala miyendo inayi ndi 5 mapazi 6 mainchesi wamtali pamene waima. Anyani kumalo osungira amakhala yaikulu chifukwa chakudya waphindu ndi kusonyeza zochepa.
Kodi ndi nyani silverback?
A nyani silverback ndi mwamuna wachikulire, kumakhala pasanathe zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Yamphongoyo m'badwo uno akufotokozera yochepa silvery woyera tsitsi pa nsana wake.
chiyendayekha silverback anyani ndi bipedal chiyani?
No, anyani zambiri kuyenda ndi kuthamanga pa miyendo yonse inayi, kupumula manja ake pa lotanthauza wake mmalo mwa manja anu. Anyani amatha kuima ndi miyendo iwiri ndi zina kuyenda kapena kuthamanga pang'ono woongoka.
utali anyani moyo?
The moyo wabwinobwino wa anyani kuthengo ndi zaka 25-35. Ena (onse librescomo mu ukapolo), makamaka akazi amakhala 40years. The lakale kwambiri anali akapolo aamuna nyani dzina lake Massa, amene anakhalako zaka 54.
Kodi iwo kudya anyani?
Anyani makamaka zamasamba, kupatula zina zapadera kudya nyerere kapena chiswe. Mountain Anyani Akuluakulu makamaka kudya masamba, zimayambira, mizu, zitsamba ndi mitengo. Anyani komanso kudya zipatso, ndipo zosiyanasiyana masamba.
Kodi anyani amadwala matenda chimodzimodzi monga anthu?
Inde, iwo kuchita. Care ayenera kumwedwa pamene anthu kulowa nawo monga iwo akhoza kugonja kwa matenda monga a mtima, khansa, gastroenteritis, chibayo ndi Ebola.
Kodi tsiku lililonse gulu la anyani?
Iwo kudzuka ndi m'bandakucha yochuluka mmawa kufunafuna chakudya. Iwo amakhala nawo pafupi nthawi zina ola limodzi pa pakati pa tsiku, amene angakhale nawo chimbudzi kapena kugona. Masana kachiwiri wodzipereka kwa oyendayenda padziko kukafunafuna chakudya. Ndi madzulo ochedwa kuyamba kumanga bedi zopangidwa nthambi ndi masamba zambiri pansi pa usiku. Anyani zambiri kugona maola 12-13 usiku uliwonse.
Kodi anyani tilankhule wina ndi mnzake?
Anyani mwachibadwa ntchito manja thupi zofotokoza manja ndi matupi rostrosus. Zimakhalanso vocalizations kuphatikizapo chosekedwa, chuckles, kufuula, Bakuman kukuwa, amalira kufuulira ndipo zosiyanasiyana phokoso la chisangalalo chimene chingakhale vocalizations monga nyimbo.
Mtundu wa umunthu ndi anyani?
Ngakhale zochitika zake chabe monga nyama zoopsa, anyani ambiri amachita manyazi, chifundo ndi mtendere zolengedwa yekha amakalipa kuti adziteteze.
Kodi banja la nyani ndi?
Anyani moyo m'chigulu cohesive ndi pafupifupi anthu khumi, wopangidwa mwa mmodzi kapena awiri amuna achikulire, akazi angapo wamkulu ndi wachinyamata wawo. Pali pafupi ndi okhazikika kugwirizana kawirikawiri anthu a gulu la anyani.
Kodi ofanana ndi anyani komanso anthu?
Anyani ndi mbali ya banja la anyani kwambiri, kuphatikizapo anthu, orangutans ndi anyani. Kafukufuku wa posachedwapa akusonyeza kuti anyani ndi anthu pafupifupi 98% ya DNA yake zofanana.
ndi Nthawi ya bere la nyani ndi chiyani?
The yachibadwa Nthawi ya bere kwa nyani wamkazi ndi miyezi 8.5. chiyendayekha A wakhanda ali ndi kulemera pafupifupi mapaundi 4.5. Baby anyani zambiri anapitiriza mpaka zaka 2 kapena 3 zaka. Pafupifupi mkazi abala mwana mmodzi zaka zinayi.
Kodi anyani ndi adani?
Inde, anthu.
Ndi anyani pangozi?
Kumene. Zilibe malo okhala chifukwa cha kukula kwa anthu ndi kuchuluka ntchito nkhalango ndicholinga choyambitsa ulimi ndi mitengo ukutenga malo anyani akhoza kukhala mwachibadwa ndi malo okwanira ndi chakudya. The vuto lalikulu Komabe, malonda bushmeat. Opha nyama amapha anyani ndipo kuwagulitsa ngati chakudya m'mizinda ndi kunja kukwaniritsa kufunika kwa chakudya zosowa. Akuti pano padziko lonse anthu anyani amoyo kuthengo lingadzawonongedwe kotheratu kwa zaka 10 mpaka 20 ngati zosaloledwa sasiya.
stingrays
The stingray ndi chimodzi mwa zamoyo chidwi kwambiri ndi zodabwitsa mu madzi. Sitikudziwa zambiri za nsomba, mbali mwa zifukwa akufufuza chidwi ndi iwo. Akukhulupirira kuti nsomba kusanduka zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo cholengedwa ife tikuziwona lero, ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri, ndi kokha nsombazi chinsomba ndi zazikulu pankhani nsomba m'nyanja.
bulangeti rayasSi Samalani ano inu mwamsanga kuti stingrays ndi akuimira m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ena lokhudzana ndi zikhulupiriro oyambirira, ngati anthu a Peru ndipo posachedwapa ndi mabuku osiyanasiyana okhudza zolengedwa zimenezi. The thunthu la stingray ndi ooneka ofufuza bwino ithandiza iwo azolowere ndi moyo malo awo achilengedwe.
anthu ambiri sadziwa zambiri za stingray, amene angakhale chifukwa ofufuza kwenikweni anapeza zambiri za iwo. A mbali yaikulu ya moyo wake akhala chinsinsi, ngakhale tikudziwa ndizosowa Mwachitsanzo, miyoyo stingray kaya kotentha boma, kapena madzi otentha, ndi sefa wodyetsa ndi kudya yambiri chakudya tsiku lililonse.
Kubalana nyama zimenezi zikuoneka kuti zovuta, amuna ndi mwamakani kwambiri ndipo amakonda kukangana ndi zovuta kupeza mkazi chifukwa pali amuna oposa akazi. Chifukwa chimodzi chimene sadzaona kuwala ambiri manta mu ukapolo chifukwa kukula kwake lalikulu. Ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri amalola kuti amapereka iwo danga zofunika. Pali anayi okha a nyama panopa ukapolo, mmodzi wa iwo akukhala mu chitini munali malita 60 miliyoni a madzi.
stingray pansi marHay ena kuyesetsa kwa nthaŵi zonse kuteteza chilengedwe cha ray manta. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuteteza malo zake zachilengedwe, kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi likutentha Komabe, nyama zikuoneka ngati otsika kwambiri pa mndandanda pankhani khama kusamala chifukwa chakuti kuti palibe tili ndi maganizo abwino angati pali.
M'mbuyomu, anthu ambiri a nsomba anali kuwafuna masewera, kwa nyama, mafuta, ndiponso kulola asodzi malonda kulowa kwa zinthu zomwe stingray kudya chakudya wawo. Today stingray kusaka yochepa, makamaka mu United States, okhala m'dera la Hawaii ali kwambiri kutetezedwa chifukwa chiwerengero otsika. Iwo kukopa ambiri alendo kubwera kufufuza madzi kumene stingrays moyo.
Popeza ife sitikudziwa tsogolo la iwo, ndi kofunika kwambiri kuwateteza, mwachiyembekezo maphunziro tsiku lina angathe kuchitidwa ndi kutithandiza kudziwa mmene ambiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya stingrays kukhala mu chikhalidwe.
Apeza kwambiri pa cheza manta anapangidwa, padzakhala zambiri kugawana ndi anthu wamba, chifukwa mphindi, kuphunzira mungathe zimene mukudziwa kale ndi njira kuyamba. Zilombozi zodabwitsa ayenera kutetezedwa kuti iwo akupitirizabe zingawathandize kukhala bwino kukhala m'madzi yofunika kwambiri kwa tonsefe.
Iripano kawirikawiri anafunsa mafunso za stingrays.
Kodi stingrays?
Mantas zimapezeka kotentha ndi boma-kotentha mwa nyanja dziko.
Kodi stingray ndi mano?
Inde, stingrays ndi kuzungulira 300 mizere mano kakang'ono, aliyense kukula kwa singano. Korona wa aliyense dzino ali pamwamba yosamveka ndi nsonga zitatu ofooka. mano Nthawi zambiri osiyana denticles ndi (mamba) mkati mkamwa ndipo si ntchito chakudya, iwo akhoza mbali yofunika chibwenzi ndi mating wa ray manta.
Kodi stingrays kubereka?
Ngati nsombazo ndi cheza, cheza manta ndi ukala internally. Amuna mabulangete ndi awiri penises, wotchedwa claspers pamodzi mkati mwa zipsepse m'chiuno. Aliyense clasper ali ndi kagawo kudzera imene umuna mkazi, pamene umuna kumachitika ndi anasamutsidwa. Pachibwenzi, amuna kuchita mkazi mmodzi kapena angapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kenako mwamuna bwino akathyole nsonga ya mmodzi wa mapiko ake pectoral pakati pa mano ake mbamuikha m'mimba mwake motsutsana ake. Ndiye mwamuna anaŵerama ndi claspers ake ndipo amaika mu kutsegula ndi. Copulation kumatenga 90 masekondi. The mazira ndi umuna kukhala mkati thupi la manta mayi kwa nthawi yaitali, koma osadziwika, zimenezi kwa miyezi 9 ndi 12 kapena kuposa. ng'ombe imodzi awiri amabadwa pa zinyalala, koma palibe amene akudziwa kumene kapena pamene mabulangete kubereka. Pali Lipoti lina la bulangeti North Carolina mwana anabadwa pamene mayi ake anali mu kulumpha pambuyo harpooned, koma izi sizingakhale lililonse. Amayi mabulangete akhoza kutenga chaka kuchokera pakati pa mimba kumanganso nkhokwe zawo mphamvu.
Kodi waukulu wakhanda manta ray ndi apezeka kuti?
stingray pansi marinoEn maziko kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono ufulu kusambira mitundu imeneyi, stingrays muyeso akhanda anayi mapazi (mamita 1.2) lonse. ochepa zalembedwa ndipo ife tikudziwa pafupifupi kanthu za kumene anabadwa.
Kodi kukula kwa stingray waukulu tapeza?
Mantas mbiri ndi zovuta kutsimikizira. The yaikulu inati mabuku a sayansi ndi 22 mapazi (mamita 6.7) ndipo pali lipoti la munthu mapazi 30 (mamita 9.1). Koma ambiri a mabulangeti anayeza 12 mapazi (4 meters) lonse.
Kodi moyo wautali ndi stingrays?
Palibe amene akudziwa utali moyo. Zochokera expectancies moyo yogwirizana kudziwika (koma laling'ono kwambiri) wovulidwa madzi otentha, Mantas zimatha kukhala zaka 25 kapena kuposerapo.
Kodi stingrays apha munthu?
Pali zambiri malipoti anecdotal, makamaka mabulangete harpooned analumphira mu ngalawa yaing'ono ndi kuswa iwo. Ena a milandu mwina zachititsa imfa ya anthu chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa kuphwanya kapena kumira, koma kumbukirani kuti nyama anali mongoyesa kuti adziteteze. Osiyana nthaŵi zina mwangozi anavulala kuyesera phiri mabulangete kapena Chithunzi pa osiyanasiyana pafupi. Koma palibe umboni wa ataukira ku stingray munthu.
ndi adani a stingrays chiyani?
lalikulu Only nsombazo madzi otentha ngati nsombazo nyalugwe amadziwika kunyoza mabulangete.
Kodi stingrays tulo?
Palibe amene akudziwa. Mu inakhala (nyama ndi backbones), tulo amakhala ndi kusintha kwambiri mu bongo. Sizinachitikepo anasonyeza experimentally mu cheza ndi manta kapena elasmobranch ina (nsombazi kapena ray). Mwachangu nsombazo ndi cheza kusambira mosalekeza mosalekeza kuchokera kubadwa kwa imfa. Ngakhale kuli kotheka kuti mbali zina za ubongo tsekani pamene mbali ya ubongo amene amachititsa mgwirizano kayendedwe kusambira kukhala maso, ichi sichinayambe experimentally anasonyeza.
Kuya cheza manta kusambira?
Osiyana ndasunga mabulangete akuya mapazi 100 (mamita 30), koma aliyense amadziwa kwambiri kusambira.
N'chifukwa stingrays zina kudumpha kuchokera mmadzi?
Makalipeti kungathandizire kudumpha kuchokera madzi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Angachite kuti kuthawa chilombo angathe kapena kuchotsa majeremusi pakhungu. Iwo akhoza kulumpha kulankhula ndi ena za mtundu wawo. Sizikudziwika zimene akhoza kuyesa kulankhula. The kulumpha mwamuna akhoza kusonyeza woyenerera zake monga mbali ya chibwenzi.
Kodi stingrays zikutha?
Ine sindikudziwa. Mabulangeti zikuoneka kuti wochuluka kwambiri malo ndi osowa kapena kwina ena. Mpaka ife kumvetsetsa ndi mphamvu ya anthu kunyezimira manta, palibe njira zowunikira mavuto awo. Malinga ndi mlingo wake otsika kubadwa, mabulangeti mwina osatetezeka kwambiri anzake nsomba zisathe ndi kunyoza malo.
N'chifukwa manta kunyezimira ndi zofunika?
zochepa ntchito ya zamoyo zazikulu ndi moyo wa stingrays kuti pang'ono bwanji za kufunika kwa mfundo za sayansi ndi zosawononga chilengedwe. Iwo akhoza amanena kuti chimakwirira ndi zofunika chifukwa kuwonjezera kukongola, zosiyanasiyana, ndi chinsinsi kwa dziko lathu. No mabulangete, dziko lathuli zikuoneka kukhala malo osauka.
salamanders
Salamanders ndi gulu la achule amene amagwiritsidwa yodziwika ndi maonekedwe a buluzi, ndi matupi wochepa, yosamveka ikhale pamphuno, miyendo yochepa pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya ufulu thupi, ndi kukhalapo kwa mchira, onse mphutsi ndi akulu. Mabanja onse a salamanders panopa yagawidwa pansi pa dzina sayansi Urodela. The zosiyanasiyana salamanders zambiri kwambiri kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndipo mitundu yambiri zimapezeka m'mayiko a kumpoto, ndi mitundu ena kotentha.
salamandra3Las salamanders konse zala zinayi kuposa kutsogolo ndi asanu pa kunsana miyendo miyendo, ena mitundu ndi manambala ochepa ndipo ena alibe kunsana miyendo. Khungu lawo permeable, kawirikawiri kumapangitsa kuti azidalira malo kapena pafupi ndi madzi kapena ozizira, malo ena lonyowa. Mitundu ina salamanders ali ndi m'madzi pamoyo wawo, ena intermittently, ndipo ena ali wonse lapadziko achikulire.
Wapadera pakati inakhala, salamanders amatha buluzi otaika miyendo ndi mbali zina kuonongeka kwa thupi lanu. Kwambiri anthu Salamandridae banja limatchedwa Tritons ndipo alibe grooves pamodzi m'mbali mwa matupi awo, zikusonyeza magulu ena. Khungu la mitundu ina muli poizoni wamphamvu wotchedwa tetrodotoxin, ndi salamanders awa amakhala wodekha ndi mtundu kwamphamvu akulengeza kawopsedwe ake. Salamanders zambiri kuikira mazira mu madzi ndi m'madzi mphutsi koma yofanana lalikulu zimachitika m'zinthu moyo wawo. Ena mitundu ndi zina mapangidwe ankhanza, salamanders kubereka pamene mu chikhalidwe chawo larval.
Mabuku ndi nthano, salamander amagwirizana ndi moto, amati kutuluka sinawonongeke ku malawi, poganiza kuti zovala anapangidwa kuchokera Makungu awo ndi incombustible. Salamander burande, kumwa anawakonzera fermenting zipatso timadziti ndi mayikidwe a salamander mkati, ndi linachita kuti hallucinogenic ndi katundu aphrodisiac. The luso salamander kuti regrow ziwalo otaika akugwiritsa ankafufuza chifukwa cha ntchito zonse izi zikhoza kukhala mankhwala a anthu.
ankaonekera salamanders
Khungu la salamander akamalira mamba ndi lonyowa ndi wofewa, kupatulapo newts, amene akhoza velvety kapena warty khungu lonyowa kuti kukhudza. khungu zimakhala wonyong'onya kapena lowala mitundu, ndi kusonyeza zosiyanasiyana mikwingwirima, mikwingwirima, mawanga kapena Madontho. Male newts ali akuda kwambiri pa nyengo mating. The mitundu tikukhala mu mdima m'mapanga mulibe mtundu ndi pinki translucent kapena pearlescent.
Salamanders zosiyanasiyana kukula salamanders kakang'ono, ndi utali wonse wa masentimita 2.7 (1.1 mainchesi), kuphatikizapo mchira komanso Chinese chimphona salamander kuti akhoza kuyesa 1.8 mamita (5.9 Ft) ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 65 (143 LB). Koma anthu ambiri, pakati pa 10 ndi 20 cm (3.9 ndi 7.9 mainchesi) m'litali.
An salamander wamkulu zambiri akufanana buluzi yaing'ono. Koma Salamandridae banja, mutu, thupi ndi mchira ndi chiwerengero cha matendawa, ofukula padziko kuyambira cha m'ma dorsal dera m'dera ventral ndipo amadziwika monga grooves costal. Ntchito yake amaona kuti adzithandiza khungu lonyowa ndi yoloŵetsa madzi pamwamba pa thupi.
Madzi, monga sirens ndi anfiumas, achepetsa kapena inathetsedwa miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, kupereka kuoneka ngati njoka yam'madzi, koma mwa mitundu yambiri, kutsogolo ndi malekezero kumbuyo ali yemweyo kutalika mitundu, sadzachitanso kulera thunthu lake pansi. mapazi ali lonse ndi zala yochepa, kawirikawiri anayi kutsogolo ndi zisanu ndi miyendo kumbuyo. Salamanders alibe zikhadabu Ndipo mawonekedwe a miyendo yawo zimasiyanasiyana kwa malo ake. Okwera mitundu ndi zala yaitali, pamene anthu a miyala ndi mapazi zikuluzikulu ndi waufupi, zala yosamveka.
Uliri larval, salamanders ali m'madzi, ndi mchira laterally flattened kuti undulates uku poyendetsera nyama mwa madzi. Mu mabanja Ambystomatidae ndi Salamandridae, mchira wamwamuna, amene ndi lalikulu kuposa akazi, ntchito pa mating kukumbatira kukathandiza lumikiza. Mitundu lapadziko, mchira chimachititsa kusukulutsa kulemera kwa nyama, pamene salamanders arboreal ndi mitundu ina arboreal, ndi prehensile. Mchira anagwiritsanso ntchito salamanders ena kulumpha. mchira ntchito pachibwenzi ndi monga mapuloteni yosungirako limba ndi lipids. Komanso amatha ngati chitetezo predation, kusiya iye kuseri pamaso pa kuukira kwa mdani a. Mosiyana ndi achule, ndi salamander wamkulu akhoza buluzi miyendo yonse ake ndi mchira pamene iwo anataya.
Khungu la salamanders, ofanana ndi achule ena, ndi wochepa thupi, permeable kwa madzi, akutumikira monga Kakhungu kupuma, ndi bwino kuti aziwapatsa zopangitsa kuti kulisunga lonyowa ndi kuthandiza ndondomeko ya kupuma nyama.
Directions salamanders
salamandra1El salamanders fungo chimagwira ntchito lofunika kukhalabe m'madera awo, kuzindikira adani, ndi chibwenzi miyambo, koma mwina yachiwiri kuona pa kusankha nyama ndi zakudya. Salamanders mitundu iwiri ya m'madera kwenikweni amene amathandiza umagwirira chilengedwe. The epithelium olfactory mu m'mphuno amatenga zofukiza zonse mu mlengalenga ndi madzi, pamene oyandikana ziwalo vomeronasal azindikire sanali loopsali chizindikiro mankhwala monga kukoma pakamwa.
Maso a salamanders kwambiri ndinazolowera makamaka masomphenya a usiku. Ena mitundu m'madzi, iwo yafupika kukula ndiponso ndi diso chosavuta ndi okhala phanga, monga salamander akhungu Georgia, ndi kwina kapena ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa khungu. Mitundu ya amphibian, maso ali pafupi mu mlengalenga ndi view madzi. The mitundu mokwanira lapadziko ndi mandala pofuna kuti usasokonezeke osiyanasiyana zambiri onse a mtunda. Kupeza nyamazo, salamanders ntchito Tri-mtundu masomphenya kuti chimafikira mu ultraviolet osiyanasiyana. Mphutsi ndi akuluakulu ena kwambiri madzi, mitundu komanso ndi mbali ziwalo zofanana ndi nsomba, amene angazindikire kusintha mu mzere madzi kuthamanga.
Salamanders alibe eardrums, koma ngati achule ndi dongosolo Opercularis khutu pakati. kachitidwe Zikuoneka amatha kudziwa otsika pafupipafupi Phokoso (500-600 Hz), sipangakhalenso anasonkhana kuchokera pansi ndi anthu akale ndi kuwapereka kwa khutu mumtima. Awa angathe kutumikira kuchenjeza nyama ya kukhalapo kwa mdani a.
Salamanders zambiri ankaona wosayankhula, ndipo osagwiritsa ntchito zomveka kulankhulana; Koma ena mitundu akhoza kupanga mtundu wa ikugunda chopita kapena zayamba mapokoso, mwina mwa kutsegula ndi kutseka kuli nthambi mu mphuno, ena akhoza kupanga mtundu wa squeak ndi kutenga nyama za pakhosi. Vocalization wa salamander wakhala pang'ono kuphunzira ndi cholinga mawu amenewa zowauza kuti ntchito potidabwitsa adani.
kupuma salamanders
Kupuma ndi zosiyana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya salamanders, ndipo angakhale nawo makutu, mapapo, khungu ndi nembanemba mkamwa ndi mmero. Mphutsi za salamanders kupuma makamaka mwa makutu, amene amakhala kunja ndi maonekedwe a nthenga. Mitundu ina ngati Necturus maculosus kusunga makutu awo pa moyo wawo wonse, koma mitundu yambiri anataya metamorphosis lapansi.
Pamene pamakhala salamanders wamkulu, mapapo zimasiyanasiyana mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kukula ndi kapangidwe. Mitundu kuzizira madzi monga Rhyacotriton variegatus, mapapu ochepa, ndi makoma yosalala, pamene mitundu moyo mu madzi ofunda ndi pang'ono mpweya kusungunuka monga wapakatikati lipenga, ndi mapapo lalikulu ndi pamalo corrugated. Mu mapapo lapadziko kapena kapena makutu iwo alipo, ndi mpweya kuwombola kumachitika makamaka kudzera pakhungu, wodzilemekeza ndi zimakhala mkamwa. Magawowa izi, salamanders awa ndi wandiweyani zopezera mitsempha pansi pa khungu ndi pakamwa.
Mu Amfiumas, ndi metamorphosis ndi chosakwanira, ndi kusunga awiri slits gill mu akula, ndi ntchito zonse za makutu ake mkati. Mitundu ina amene alibe mapapo kupuma mwa makutu. Nthawi zambiri, iwo ali kunja, looneka ngati tufts mbali ya makutu mutu. Ena salamanders lapadziko ndi mapapo kuti ntchito kupuma, ngakhale osavuta ndi sac, mosiyana ndi ziwalo zovuta opezeka mu nyama. mitundu ndi onse; wamkulu mapapo ndi makutu.
Food ndi zakudya salamanders
Salamanders ndi mwayi adani. Kawirikawiri si zokhazo zakudya zapadera, koma kudya iliyonse thupi la kukula ololera. mitundu ikuluikulu monga Japanese chimphona salamander (Andrias japonicus) kudya nkhanu, nsomba, nyama yaing'ono, achule ndi nsabwe za m'madzi. Mu kuphunzira salamanders yaing'ono mdima (Desmognathus) ku mapiri a Appalachia, chakudya chawo m'gulu mphutsi, ntchentche, kafadala, grubs, ziwala, springtails, njenjete, akangaude, ziwala ndi nthata. Kudya zina zikachitika, makamaka pamene zinthu zikusoŵa kapena nthawi yochepa. The tadpoles wa salamanders mu madzi ephemeral nthawi zina amachita kudya mzake, ndipo zikuoneka kuti mungathe kuwathandiza anthu zifukwa zina. Akuluakulu wakuda bellied salamanders, akhoza kudya akuluakulu ndi achinyamata a mitundu ina ya salamanders.
Mitundu yambiri ya salamander ndi mano yaing'ono nsagwada zake chapamwamba onse ndi otsika. Mosiyana achule, salamanders ngakhale mphutsi nazo mano izi. Ngakhale mano mphutsi ndi zooneka ngati cones zisonga, mano akuluakulu ndinazolowera kumva m'madamu. Pamene nyama nkhondo mapanganowo mwa m'kamwa mwa salamander ndi nsonga mano kumasuka ndi maondo mbali imodzi, kulimbikitsa gulu cha pakhosi, ndi kukana kupulumuka kwa damu la. mano zonse resorbed ndipo m'malo mwake pa intervals mu moyo wa chinyama.
A salamander lapadziko limagwira nyama yake ndi flick mwamsanga lilime lake yomata, mu chinthu chomwe sichidzathera osachepera theka lachiwiri. Ena mitundu, tsamba amamangiriridwa anteriorly pansi pa mphamvu pakamwa, pamene ena, yakwera pedicel a. Zimakhala yomata ntchofu secretions ndi zopangitsa pa nsonga ndi pamtenje wa pakamwa. Kumeza kumafuna taphunzira chidule ndi zosangalatsa za nyama za pakhosi, mothandizidwa ndi maganizo eyeballs pamtenje wa pakamwa.
buluzi A alibe minofu ndi lilime, ndipo analanda nyama wawo chosiyana. Kuwagwira chakudya ndi mano awo, ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa mphamvu inertial. Iyi ikukhudza kugwedeza mutu wake ndi mwamphamvu kudzatunga madzi ndi mkamwa mwake, zimene zimakupangitsani kugwetsera ndi marinate ndi damu, amene ali pansi.
Wonaninso: Kodi iwo kudya salamanders?
chitetezo salamanders
salamandra2Las salamanders ndi zikopa woonda ndi matupi zofewa, ndi kuyendayenda m'malo pang'onopang'ono, ndipo koyamba angaoneke kukhala pa chiopsezo ku predation osadziwika.